Technology

Introduction to Spanning Tree

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What is spanning tree, what is the purpose of this protocol, where does it work?

These questions are easy to answer. Spanning-tree is a Layer 2 Ethernet loop prevention protocol that operates on Ethernet switches, that’s it, nothing else stops. That’s all that spanning tree does.

Why do we need this protocol? Imagine a network with two Layer 1 hubs connected to each other via a pair of Ethernet cables and a PC connected to each of the hubs. When any of the PCs send any communication to the cable, the connected hub will flood the data from both interfaces to the other hub, the receiving hub will send the received communications to the PC and it will go back to the other interface back to the original one. hub, this communication will continue around the network until one of the links is dropped, this is known as a loop, sometimes also called a broadcast storm.

Broadcast storms are fatal to your network, causing both voice and data outages. We no longer use hubs in modern networks, we normally use switches due to their functionality and characteristics, the main feature of a Layer 2 switch is the spanning tree.

Now imagine the same network described above with two switches instead of two hubs. Now, instead of all four ports being in the forwarding state, the spanning tree will determine through various choices and weights to block a single port in our little topology, now when any of the PCs connected to the switches send a transmission over the cable, there will no longer be any looping traffic due to the blocked port.

We have to learn how the spanning tree decides which port or ports to block to prevent a loop or loops from occurring in our network.

The first thing to do to understand the spanning tree is to imagine this, you leave your house to get to the office, at the crossroads at the top of the street you stop, turn left, right or go straight on? Your decision as to which route to choose is based on your knowledge of the location of the office.

STP works exactly the same way, spanning tree will choose a device to act as a benchmark, this benchmark will advertise to other spanning protocols on other switches, when a switch receives the benchmark on more than one port will decide which port is more preferable based on link settings such as link bandwidth, port priority, and port number. Once the network switches decide which ports to forward and which to block, STP has done its job.

Business

More Than Dad Forgot to Tell You About Income Investing: Questions and Answers

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Just the other day, I was talking about “preparing for retirement” with a small group of people, several of whom were already retired. None of them owned, hadn’t even heard of, fixed-equity funds or fixed-equity funds (CEFs) of income … vehicles I’ve been using in professionally managed portfolios for decades.

Readers are supposed to have read the six question-and-answer questions covered in part one.

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7. Why does it appear that CEFs, public REITs, and master limited partnerships are being ignored by Wall Street, the media, and most investment advisers?

All three are income producers, and once they are “out there” in the market, they operate like stocks … on their own fundamental merits and at a price that depends solely on supply and demand. Unfortunately, income programs have never attracted the kind of attention and speculative zeal that has existed for any kind of growth vehicle.

Income mutual funds and ETFs can create stocks at will, maintaining a market value equal to the NAV (net asset value). But the sole purpose of each is to increase market value and produce a comparable “total return” number in the stock market … income is rarely mentioned in their product descriptions.

An income guarantee can stay in the same price neighborhood for years, only spitting out 6-10% in income to fund a college education, a retirement lifestyle, and world travel. But most investment advisers, ETF passivists, and mutual fund managers rate themselves based on the annual “total return” their portfolios or indexes produce … income programs simply don’t generate year-end trips or six-figure bonuses.

  • I myself was fired a few times, just before the dot-com bubble burst, because my 10-15% “returns” on high-quality stocks and income producers simply couldn’t compete with the speculative fever. which propelled the NASDAQ to 5000. ..

  • But when markets crashed in 2000, the “without NASDAQ, without IPO, without mutual funds = no problem“The operating creed produced significant growth and revenue.

Another problem is broker / advisor compensation at Wall Street firms … entirely based on the sale of proprietary products and “investment committee” recommendations. There is no place for slow growth based on high-quality stocks that pay dividends and funds closed for income purposes.

Finally, the myopia of government cost performance and market value precludes any inclusion of CEF in 401k and other employer sponsored investment programs. Vanguard’s VTINX Retirement Fund pays less than 2% after a minimum fee; Hundreds of much better diversified CEFs pay 7% and better after 2% or more in fees. However, the DOL, FINRA, and the SEC have somehow determined that 2% of spending money is better than 7% in what they have incorrectly labeled “retirement income programs.”

  • You will never see a CEF, even stocks or balanced portfolio CEF, in a 401k stock pick menu. There are also unlikely to be public REITs and MLPs.

8. How many different types of CEF are there? what investors pay for them; And are there penalties for trading them frequently?

CEFConnect.com lists 163 tax-free funds, 306 taxable, 131 US stocks, and 204 non-US stocks and others.

A partial list of types and sectors includes: Biotech, Commodities, Convertible Bonds, Hedged Calls, Emerging Markets, Energy, Stock Dividends, Finance, General Stocks, Government Securities, Healthcare, High Yield, Limited Duration Bonds, MLPs, Bonds Mortgage, Multiple Sector Income, Diversified National Municipal, Preferred Stock, Real Estate, Senior Loan, 16 Different Single State Municipal, Tax-advantaged Stocks, and Utilities.

CEFs are purchased the same way and at the same cost as individual stocks or ETFs, and there are no additional penalties, fees, or charges for frequently selling them … they are traded for free on managed accounts, pay only, and always pay more income than their peer ETFs and mutual funds.

9. What about DRIPs (dividend reinvestment programs)?

There are at least four reasons why I choose not to use DRIP.

  • I don’t like the idea of ​​adding positions above the original cost base.

  • I don’t like to shop when the demand is artificially high.

  • I prefer to pool my monthly income and select reinvestment opportunities that allow me to reduce the cost of the position and increase performance at the same time.

  • Investors rarely join portfolios in declining markets; just when I need flexibility to add new positions.

10. What are the most important things investors need to understand when it comes to investing in income?

Actually, if an investor can think of just three things, they can become a successful income investor:

  • The market value change has no impact on income paid and rarely increases financial risk.

  • The prices of rental securities vary inversely with expectations of interest rate change (IRE)

  • Income purpose securities should be evaluated based on the amount and reliability of the income they produce.

Let’s say thirty years ago we bought a 4.5% IBM bond, a 2.2% 30-year treasury note, and 400 shares of a 5.7% P&G preferred stock, all at par, and we invested $ 10,000 in each one. Annual income of $ 1,240 has been accumulating in cash.

In this time period, interest rates have ranged from a high above 12% to recent lows around 2%. They have made no less than fifteen significant changes of direction. The market value of our three “fixed income” securities has been above and below the “cost basis” dozens of times, while the portfolio “working capital” (cost basis of the holdings of portfolio) grew every quarter.

  • And each time the prices of these securities fell, their “current performance” increased while paying the same dividends and interest.

  • So why does Wall Street make such a fuss when prices drop? Why indeed.

Over the years, we have accumulated $ 37,200 in dividends and interest; the bond and treasury note matured at $ 10k each, and the preferred stock still pays $ 142.50 per quarter.

So our cash account is now $ 57,200 and our working capital has risen to $ 67,200 while we haven’t lifted a finger or spent a moment worried about fluctuating market values. This is the essence of investing in income and precisely why it doesn’t make sense to consider it in the same way as investing in stocks.

Investors should be reprogrammed to focus on producing income from investments for income purposes and to make reasonable returns when produced by securities for growth purposes.

  • What happens if we reinvest the income each quarter in similar values? Or you sold the securities when they went up 5% or so … and reinvesting income in portfolios of similar securities (CEF), rather than individual entities, for diversification and higher performance?

  • Assuming only $ 500 of profit per year and an average interest rate of 5%, the portfolio’s “working capital” would increase to $ 168,700 … a profit of approximately 462%. The income would be $ 8,434 … a profit of 680%

I hope these conservative income figures get you a little more excited about having a serious allowance for income purposes in your “eventual retirement income portfolio” … particularly income CEFs. Don’t let your advisor convince you; Investments in the stock market are not designed to do income work … reliably, over the course of our retirement life.

  • CEFs allow anyone to invest in diversified portfolios of fixed income securities and, by design, always at higher security rates than individual ones.

  • CEFs provide a unique liquid entity that allows investors to benefit from price changes caused by IRE in any direction. Yes, that’s what I meant.

eleven. Why take a profit if the income of a security has not changed?

Compound interest is the “holy grail” of income investing. A 5% profit made and reinvested today will work much harder than the 5% received in the course of the next few months. Also, when interest rates are rising, profit opportunities are slim and the income can be used more productively than in stable or falling interest rate environments.

So, let’s say we have a “limited duration” bond CEF that yields 6%. We have held it for 8 months, so we have already received 4.5% and we can sell it today at a 4% profit. So we can get a nifty 8.5% (actually a bit more since we’ve reinvested previous earnings), in just eight months.

Then we can benchmark against revenue for a new CEF yielding 6% or more and expect to do a similar trade sometime soon with another of our holdings.

A second reinvestment strategy is to add to multiple positions that are priced below the current cost base and outperforming the CEF that we just sold. This is a great way to improve the “current performance” of existing positions while ensuring that you have more opportunities to profit when interest rates drop.

12. How does “working capital” keep increasing?

Total working capital and the income it produces will continue to grow as long as the income exceeds all withdrawals from the portfolio. Note that capital losses have no impact on income if profits can be reinvested at a higher “current” yield … but working capital is temporarily affected.

Portfolios are kept on their asset allocation “track” with each batch of monthly reinvestment decisions, but the larger the revenue purpose “segment”, the easier it is to ensure consistent growth in both revenue and equity. of work.

13. What is preparation for retirement income?

It is the ability to make this statement, unequivocally:

  • Neither a stock market correction nor an increase in interest rates will have a negative impact on my retirement income. In fact, either scenario is more likely to allow me to increase both my income and working capital even faster.

Home Kitchen

Selecting the right kitchen countertop for your kitchen

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There are many things that can contribute to the overall look and feel of your kitchen, as well as the practicality and functionality of this room, and one of these things is countertops. When you think about it, most of us spend a fair amount of time in the kitchen, so it’s important that this room looks and feels good without compromising functionality.

Your kitchen countertops can make a huge difference in your kitchen, and with the wide range of kitchen countertops available these days it is possible to find something to suit your tastes, blend in with the rest of the room décor, and blend in. fit your budget. . You can choose from a wide range of different materials, colors, and styles when it comes to your kitchen countertops, so you can enjoy countertops that look stylish, easy to maintain, high-quality, and will cost you nothing. Earth.

Countertops for all tastes and pockets

Whether you’re renovating your kitchen, need to replace worn countertops, or just want a makeover to freshen up your kitchen, the wide variety of countertops means you can find the right kitchen countertop at the right price. When choosing your kitchen countertops, you need to think of several things, and this includes:

  • What kind of overall look and feel you want for your kitchen
  • How easy it will be to clean and maintain the countertops
  • What countertops will fit in with the rest of your kitchen décor, cabinets, and your personal taste?
  • What is your budget for the purchase and installation of kitchen countertops

For those looking for something really stylish, sturdy, and impressive in terms of looks, granite countertops and granite countertops can look amazing. These are versatile, solid, and built to last. If you want something that is more affordable, that offers many options in terms of styles and colors, that is easy to clean and maintain, and that can give your kitchen a fresh and new look, then you can consider laminate countertops or Formica countertops.

These days, people have become more and more adventurous when it comes to their kitchen countertops, and while in the past most people were sticking to very traditional colors, many are now opting for much bolder colors. unusual styles and even combining different styles to achieve one style. unique and personalized look for your kitchens.

How a Kitchen Designer Can Help

If you are looking to replace your kitchen countertops and want to achieve a new or unique look for your kitchen, it could be very beneficial to get the advice of a kitchen design expert. Talking to someone who is experienced in kitchen design and has independent knowledge of countertop styles and colors that can help you achieve your desired end result will help you cut down on much of the hard work when it comes to choosing countertops. adequate. This will also allow you to consider ideas and styles that you might never have otherwise thought to discuss.

Auto

How to Reset Ford Vintage 4 Speed ​​Gear Shift Knobs

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Restoring vintage Ford 4 speed gear shift knobs is a pretty simple project. To make the job easier, you will need a drill press, 1 / 2-20 tap, different grits of sandpaper, rubbing compound. Other supplies you will need include Armor All, Mink Oil, and white appliance touch-up paint.

To begin with, you will need to check the condition of the knob, some of these knobs are old and have suffered some abuse over the years and unfortunately some cannot be reset. What you want to look for on the knob is the shift pattern, determine whether the shift pattern numbers and lines are in good shape with deep stamped lines and numbers. If they don’t look good it will be difficult to get a clean look when the project is finished because you have lightly sand the knob to bring out a fresh look and if you go too far in the sanding process you sand them down.

Once you’ve determined you have a good resettable knob, clean it with a carb cleaner and brush the paint off with a wire brush to remove the gear pattern and numbers. Install the knob on the 1 / 2-20 faucet and insert the faucet into the drill press. Turn on the drill and start with 100-grit sandpaper first, if you have a Mustang or Galaxie shift knob with a concave top, start sanding the sides of the knob first. Sand off any chips or scratches, then move to a finer grit sandpaper like 150 fine and finish with a fine saffron paper. Do the same for the concave area, but start with 150 thin paper using your finger to apply pressure. Be careful here not to go too far, take your time to smooth it out. Also, since you are sanding, the paper can get hot so be careful, I don’t recommend wearing gloves because they can get caught in the drill.

After sanding, check the knob, make sure it is free of chips and scratches, if it is, leave it in the drill and use some polishing compound to smooth it further. I use three types of compound, the first is a heavy duty cleaner and then the polishing compound and I finish with a clear plastic cleaner and polish and finally buff with a clean rag. Each compound may need to be applied for a couple of minutes to obtain a smooth, clean appearance; be careful in this process with rags as they can get caught in the drill.

Clean the knob, grab a small dental-type tool to remove the friction compound from the shift pattern, and you are ready to paint the pattern and numbers. Use the white appliance touch up paint to paint in the turn pattern and numbers. You don’t have to paint only the pattern and numbers, it is easier to apply the paint on the face of the pattern. Let dry and spray carb cleaner with a paper towel and wipe the top of the knob until extra paint comes off and the shift pattern and numbers are clean and white.

Paint can stain the knob, so just wipe it off with the carb cleaner. Then take Armor All, spray a little on a paper towel and wipe it on the knob to bring out the black color. The last step is to apply some peppermint oil and rub the knob to bring out the shine. If all goes well, you will have a beautifully restored knob in about 15 to 30 minutes. I’ve done a lot of these resale restorations and they’ve come out really good, what I think makes it easy to do is the knob material, which is Bakelite, you can sand these things down and leave the knobs pretty clean and looking good.

This process works well with Ford shift knobs for 1964 1/2 -66 small concave for Mustangs and 1962-67 Galaxie and early Falcons and Fairlane etc. and the standard 1967-68 and 69 Mustang interior. All other knobs like wood grain for a Mustang luxury interior are not good to restore if you have a good original, stay or get a good quality reproduction.

Gaming

Top 6 Online Games You Should Play Today

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If you want to enjoy a variety of PC games, having a powerful machine is a good idea. But even if you don’t have a fast computer, you can still have a lot of fun as long as you are connected to the internet. You do not need to install these games. All you have to do is go to the game site and press the play button to start the desired game. Below are some of the titles that you would love to play.

Wonderputt

If you like golf, Wonderputt should be your choice. The game offers miniature golf courses, flocks of sheep and water lilies. This game features a puzzle box design. Once you clear a hole, the game evolves and becomes different to show you new sections. So, it rejuvenates you to keep playing.

Frog fractions

From its appearance, the game seems bland and silly. However, when you dig a little deeper, the game’s offerings get so fun and crazy that you’ll have a lot of fun. Just make sure to turn up the volume so you can understand the whole story.

After launch, this title became so popular with gamers that the developers released another sequel for enthusiastic gamers. However, the sequel was not offered for free. It was called Glittermitten Grove.

Bomb set

When it comes to multiplayer games, Bomberman was on the list of the most popular games developed for PlayStation. Another title that offers a similar experience is called Game of Bombs.

To have this multiplayer experience, all you have to do is head over to the website and hit the Play button. That is all. You will play with other players from all over the planet. This one offers a lot of fun.

Die 2 Nite

If you love jokes, this web-based text-based multiplayer title should be on your list. As soon as you start the game, you get a welcome message, which is unique in a fun way.

In the upper right corner, you can see the server time. When the timer shows 23:00, you will see the zombies come out. During the day, you and the other online players must join hands to build defenses to protect yourself at night. You will find that the game is very attractive.

Samorost

If you’ve been looking for some of the funniest and wackiest games, we suggest you give some of the titles from Amanita Design a try. The third installment was released on March 24, but you can also play the first version that was released in 2003. You can also try Machinarium, Botanicula, and Shy Dwarf.

Polycraft

This game can take a long time. Also, it is important to note that this is a tower defense game. You can gather supplies, develop bases, and see dungeons. You can also download and install this game from the Chrome store. Of course, you can also play it online.

Hopefully, you will have a lot of fun playing this online game with your friends.

Legal Law

Estate Planning for Same-Sex Couples: An Ever-Changing Area of ​​the Law

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A hot legal issue these days is whether same-sex couples should have the right to marry. It seems that each new day brings another court case, legislative action, or people’s vote on the issue. The rights that “heterosexual” couples take for granted – the right to inherit property from a spouse, the right to make medical decisions when loved ones cannot, the ability to handle financial affairs when a partner is incapacitated – are changing. for gay couples. Some states have unconditionally endorsed gay marriage, either through laws or court decisions; others have banned gay marriage, through legislation or referendum. In states that do not allow same-sex couples to marry, there is a hodgepodge of laws that may allow recognition of same-sex “loved ones” in some areas but not others; And even in the most negative places, there are laws that same-sex couples can use to protect themselves and their loved ones.

IMHO, if we are interpreting the United States Constitution honestly, the government (“state action”) cannot deny fundamental civil liberties (eg, the right to marry) to a “suspicious class” (slang of constitutional law for a class of people who have historically been discriminated against, which also includes women, minorities, the disabled and many other groups). On the other hand, religious institutions, to which the Constitution does not apply, can do as they wish and refuse to marry same-sex couples. But the government simply cannot discriminate.

I have high hopes that this legal quagmire will be resolved in favor of gay couples in the near future, and that gay couples will be given the same rights and responsibilities that straight couples have always had. (And the world won’t come to an end as a result, as some histrionics claim.) However, until this is finally and uniformly resolved, it is imperative that same-sex couples take precautions to ensure that they and their loved ones are protected in the event of calamity. In my law practice, I have seen cases where the survivor of a gay couple was separated when the family entered and took the deceased’s property, because the deceased did not have a will. I have seen episodes where a partner was unable to assist the sick partner in making medical decisions because there was no health care power of attorney or medical power of attorney. And I have seen guardianship proceedings that resulted in vicious internal fights between the incapacitated person’s family and the long-term lover over who is best suited to make decisions.

Not only is it important to protect yourself against such unseemly scenarios, protecting yourself and your partner is even more important now, as the laws regarding same-sex couples are changing. What is the effect of a gay couple’s marriage if they move or live in another state? What is the effect of being in a domestic partnership registry? What states have what rights and protections? What if you get divorced? What if there are children involved?

Simply put, same-sex couples can avoid these problems by planning ahead with the right professional. A properly prepared and executed will naming heirs speaks loudly to the court system, including how children should be treated. Properly executed advance directives (powers of attorney, health care powers, living wills, and medical powers of attorney) avoid the confusing scenarios described above. These legal documents, which should be part of each individual’s estate plan, should be prepared by an attorney practicing in this field of law, someone who can ensure that your wishes are followed, especially as this area of ​​the law remains in the process of being change. .

Lifestyle Fashion

What you need to know about probiotics

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Probiotics are edible products that contain the beneficial bacteria that inhabit the digestive system. In the digestive tract, bacteria help complete the digestive process. They also help in the production of vitamins.

Types of probiotics

There are many types of bacteria that are classified as probiotics, but most of them fall into two main groups: lactobacillus and bifidobacterium. Lactobacilli are the most common and are generally found in yogurt and other fermented products. Bifidobacterium is less popular and is often found in dairy products.

Benefits of probiotics

Probiotics have many benefits in the body. Some of these benefits include:

Treatment of digestive problems: Diarrhea is the most common digestive problem. Published reports show that probiotics are useful in the prevention and treatment of infectious, traveler’s and antibiotic diarrhea. Reports also show that certain Lactobacillus species are very effective in treating infectious diarrhea in children. Bacteria work by keeping the digestive system in balance, so it works optimally. Because of this, the diarrhea goes away.

Boosting immune system: According to studies, there is a direct connection between bacteria in the colon and the nature of the immune system. The more probiotics you have, the better your immune system will be. When you are taking antibiotics, it is common for the medications to kill gut bacteria, thereby weakening the immune system. Probiotics work in conjunction with the immune system to fight disease.

Better oral health: In addition to bacteria being found in the digestive system, they are also available in large quantities in the mouth. According to scientists, the more bacteria you have in your mouth, the better your oral health. When you take probiotics, your breath improves and throat infections go away. Bacteria have also been found to treat periodontal disease.

Where to find probiotics

Probiotics exist naturally in your digestive system, where they are obtained from the food you eat. If you go without eating bacteria-rich foods for a long time or have a medical condition, you will have a probiotic deficiency. If you have a deficiency, the best way for bacteria to return to your body is by eating foods rich in bacteria. Some of the best foods to eat are: fermented milk, pickles, and vegetables. Some of the best vegetables to eat include: grated beets and carrots. Probiotics are also sold as supplements when they come in different forms and strains of bacteria. It is up to you to choose the one that best suits your needs. Many companies sell the supplements and, as with other products, no two companies are the same. When purchasing, be sure to buy from a reputable company.

How to use probiotics

There are many brands of probiotics on the market that you can choose from, but you need to be careful when using them. The good news is that bacteria are said to be safe for most people; however, if you have a health problem, its use is not recommended. As mentioned, there are many brands of probiotics on the market. Before buying any, first consult your doctor to recommend the best one.

When making the purchase, pay close attention to the manufacturer. To be safe, opt for products made by a responsible manufacturer, as you are sure that the products are of high quality. Experts also recommend that you avoid products with aggressive claims. For example, you should steer clear of products that claim to treat, prevent, or cure certain medical conditions.

Pets

How did dogs maintain dental health in the past?

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By now, most dog owners realize the importance of healthy teeth and gums. Although some may not realize that a gum infection (gingivitis) also releases bacteria into the bloodstream and can cause serious damage to the heart, lungs, liver, and kidneys leading to death. And just like in humans, dogs can have loose teeth due to loss of bone mass.

Canine dental care is not a completely new idea. Herbs have been consumed by dogs and applied by masters who understood the importance of dental health and the effect of certain herbs. Herbs help stimulate healing. There are many books available for those who want to keep their dogs’ dental health at an optimal level at home. Some of these herbs that are used for canine dental health are goldenseal, myrrh, and Oregon grape, as they are natural antiseptics and cause new gum tissue to grow. Echinacea also helps with infections. Calendula will heal wounds and may even stop gum bleeding. And Aloe, the wonderful herb, soothes inflamed gums and helps heal.

If your dog allows you to put a small, soft brush in his mouth, a mixture of 1 cup of water with ground vitamin C works wonders. As we know, vitamin C stimulates the immune system and helps fight bacteria in the mouth.

There are many products that claim to be natural and effective in curing gingivitis and periodontal disease. However, there are studies available that point to products that are worth spending your money on.

  1. Leba III Spray actually removes tartar and plaque by stimulating the natural enzymes in the dog’s saliva.
  2. Plaque Off by ProDen is a seaweed powder and studies show that Plaques off can significantly reduce plaque when added to dog food, whether wet or dry.
  3. PetzLife Oral Sp; ray is completely natural and kills bacteria on contact and should help eradicate plaque and tartar.
  4. Petz Life also comes in a gel made from a blend of grapefruit seed extract, natural herbs, and wild salmon oil to entice the dog to cooperate. It mixes with dog saliva, coats the teeth and kills bacteria and does not, per se, remove plaque and tartar from the teeth.

Throughout history, dogs chewed on bones and ate some bones to help clean tartar from teeth. But in nature, the bones are raw. Cooked bones chip easily and vets have had to move the splinter from between the teeth and even stab the jawbone, requiring a visit to the vet. To use bones, always use raw large knuckle bones and always keep an eye on them. They should not eat bones unsupervised, as the bones can also get caught in the throat.

Whichever choice you choose, cleaning should be done on a daily basis. But if you have a stubborn dog, try at least cleaning his teeth three times a week. Perhaps the dog will eventually get used to having his teeth cleaned and you can add a better method and add more cleaning days.

Extend your dog’s quality of life and make sure dental hygiene is a priority in your dog’s routine. He will be happy and you won’t have to deal with a dog with bad breath.

Shopping Product Reviews

The art of mastering role-playing games

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Many people and many different game systems will give different opinions on what makes a successful Game Master. In the world of pen and dice RPGs, Game Masters or GMs are at their core storytellers, referees, and character actors rolled into one. When one considers the procedures and why to master the game, one must understand what an RPG really is at its core. In essence, RPGs are made up of a group of players who, under the guidance of a Game Master, go on a mission while portraying people of a heroic nature in a fantasy land.

The GM has the dual purpose of presiding over the rules of the game system and maintaining the illusion of the game world in which it takes place. The game master provides the essence of the game world and is the source of its physical realities, situations, and possibilities through the art of descriptive storytelling and character performance. There are a host of tools designed by a host of game companies, fan groups, and individuals to assist the master of the game in creating the player’s universe. These tools execute the reference book tactic for completing adventure scenarios with scripts and maps. However, the seasoned DJ knows that these are only tools to help present the individual game adventure and feel of the game world.

As a game master, you use the rules or texts of the game system of whatever game world you are playing in as a source for the physical realities of that world. In these texts you will find the “nuts and bolts” that make the game playable. You will also find a descriptive story or backstories to help you present the world environment of the game as intended by its creators. However, these books should not be used as step-by-step guides, such as those written for board games. Rather, they serve the dual purpose of providing the mechanisms by which game elements, such as combat, movement, and achievements are regulated, and impart a global view of the game world. Understanding the dice roll rule systems, cue tables, and use of items is essential to being a GM, as it is obviously necessary for the game. However, of equal importance and possibly greater scope is being the narrator who presents the world of the game and all its characteristics, physical laws, situations and characters. The last part of being a DJ is usually more elusive, as it requires one to use their imagination and storytelling skills to verbally lead players into a fantasy world.

It is important to remember that there is no set scenario, even if it is intricately written with many optional variations. Making an effective DJ that will be enjoyable for both players and DJs involves using a little imagination and flexibility. As each player will perceive the game world according to their point of view, the game will never be exactly as it is described on the stage – this is where imagination comes in.

There is always room for story drift, and as a DJ, you can add your own “twist” to the setting by modifying its structure and intended sequence of events to suit the flow of the game. By making the story your own, you avoid the possible and sometimes tedious step-by-step “A” to “B” feeling of a scenario with a restricted script. By allowing the setting to become a free-flowing adventure, the DJ interacts with the players, using their ideas and insights to create an interactive story that everyone is a part of.

Essentially, it’s fine if the player characters want to deviate from the stage and run off to get drunk or go shopping for new weapons. These deviations can be added to the setting or can even be provided by the presence of places like towns and cities designed for such purposes. This gives the DJ the opportunity to be more creative in their interpretation of the game script while allowing players to experience their own “twist” on the game stage.

Returning players to the stage objective can be as simple as engaging them in a bar fight or accusing them of cheating on a merchant. Any number of non-player characters designed for the GM to use in the mission settings can be inserted or even invented by the game masters to guide players back on track when necessary. Players’ actions often need to be manipulated if they stray too far from the plot. In the same way, the game sometimes becomes more fun if the master of the game allows the story to precede in its own direction guided for a time by the actions of the players.

Non-player characters or NPCs are any creature, from a simple monster to a useful ally played by the game’s master and often described or written in adventure stories that add depth and interaction to an adventure. The NPCs played by the game master are not intended solely as scripted automata used to complement combat or appear in a location doing one thing as they do in many video games. Rather, they can be as deep and flexible as necessary within the limits of your abilities, as described in scenario texts or rule books. Non-player characters are one of the primary means by which the GM guides and directs the players and the game stage through their location, intent, and mission knowledge. For example: a player decides to deviate from the scenario script to get drunk.

The GM can use an NPC as a drinking buddy, the antagonist who starts a bar fight, or the person who breaks the player out of jail and back to the stage objective. NPCs are essential to any RPG and invaluable tools for DJ use as they are the co-stars, protagonists, and filler that provide the interactive aspect of the game world. Since you, as the game master, act as the NPCs, you can use them to slow or improve the player’s progress throughout the adventure. They are a very good way to give clues to lost players who get stuck or lose important clues to reach the mission objectives. In the case of Monster NPC, you are the direct adversary of the players, as you make all the monsters attack rolls and try to damage the players.

Aside from playing the role of hostile NPC game masters, they shouldn’t see their role as an adversary, as an RPG is not a competition between players and the GM. Rather, it is a challenge presented theatrically for players with danger and reward presented in the context of a loosely scripted theme or story. While the game master is (usually) the only one who sees maps and descriptions that may include the location of traps and hazards, this does not necessarily create a confrontational situation between GMs and players. DJs who play to “kill” player characters often lose players and don’t play fun games. In a sense, the game master is analogous to the god of the game world in that he has all the foreknowledge of every bad situation and the huge payoff players are likely to face would be too easy to manipulate into danger. There is really no challenge or enjoyment in this style of mastery of the game and it is not considered to be in the spirit of the RPG genre. Having said that, there are many occasions when the game master will not reveal the presence of a hidden or lurking danger, as the flow of the story or the player’s actions do not warrant a warning.

RPGs are largely “real world” in terms of the player’s actions or lack thereof that determine the outcome of a given situation. There are many cases where players can simply forget to use that magical hazard detection ability or simply not look before jumping. In these cases, GMs never consider themselves adversaries if they do not tell the players things that they could not have seen or known. This can sometimes cause disputes and this is when your knowledge of game mechanics or rule processes takes on its value. If players run into danger or lose a battle or fall for a trap, they can often ask if there is a die they can roll or a table they can look at to see if they can escape or win. In most cases, the occurrence of dangerous or challenging situations automatically invokes a die roll.

However, it is up to the GM to decide what to throw and when and by whom for a given situation. All of this knowledge is included in various game texts produced by the creators of the various adventures or systems for which they are designed. The sometimes tricky part occurs due to the “free-form” nature of RPGs that creates situations that are sometimes in the gray areas of the rules and do not directly invoke a specific die roll or rule-driven decision. . The masters of the game in this situation must decide which rolls are applied and sometimes make up a roll or judgment decision in the spirit of the rule system being used. Possessing a good working knowledge of the rules, the game world, and the general idea behind how everything is supposed to work, GMs can make these decisions on the fly quite easily and fairly.

The bottom line for a good DJ is that you, the GM, are the creator of illusion and the administrator of the natural laws of the gaming world. It’s your adventure and you run it in the hopes of providing players with an immersive fantasy adventure that gives its characters ample opportunity for personal gain and glory, while providing enough danger and challenge to make it exciting to play.

Gaming

Sports Betting Ag Reviews – The New Resort For Sports Bettors

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Sports Betting Ag Reviews

Sports betting is definitely not as difficult and complicated as one might think. For most of us, even the most avid fan of a sports team or player, we can make our own sports betting selections with very little effort and knowledge. Sports betting are mostly conducted and carried out by amateurs. This is why all online gambling sites and companies need to have some sports betting Ag Reviews that will give readers a clear idea about what type of bonuses or incentives they are offering with their online gambling sites. If you are not aware of the basic principles and rules used in online gambling then you will have no clue about the various sports betting odds and betting systems.

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A sports bettor will be able to decide and choose the type of online sports betting strategy that he/she will employ. These strategies can be divided into two broad categories; football betting and basketball betting. There is no doubt that the football bettor will be able to win the maximum amount of money if he/she has the best sports betting strategy in place. Such strategies can include the correct selection of team to bet on, prediction of the outcome of the game based on the previous game results and many other factors. On the other hand, the basketball bettor will be able to make winning bets for the most part depending on his/her individual perception, talent and experience of the team or player in question.

When the sports bettor wins the bets he/she is more likely to receive larger gratuities than when he/she loses the bets. There are certain strategies and tips that can help the sports bettor win more bets. The first tip to help the sports bettor win more bets is to bet on games that show a great possibility to win. Sports betting experts advise placing bets on games that have the highest possibilities of ending with a winning score.

Sports Betting Ag Reviews – The New Resort For Sports Bettors

In order to win the most number of bets it is vital to find out the sports betting odds before placing your bets. One can find such sports betting odds online by performing a search using a specific keyword. There are also sports betting systems that will help an individual win the most number of football and basketball games. These systems use the latest statistics and formulae to give an idea as to the possible winning numbers. Some of these sports betting systems are also capable of providing the financial projection that one is likely to make from his/her bets. Such sports betting systems and strategies provide a valuable insight to the sports bettor as to the probable money made through his/her bets.

Sports Betting Ag Reviews will also help you to identify the winning points for each football game that you are planning to bet on. Such information will help you make a decision whether to bet at the bottom line or to take advantage of small leads. Sports Betting Ag Reviews will tell you about the different factors that influence the final score of a football match. They also tell you what to do if you are on the losing end and how to handle a tense situation. In case of basketball bets, the Sports Betting Agencies review the point spread that was used in the last few years as it has become a popular way to bet.

Sports Betting Agencies review all major sports events including soccer, NBA, NFL, Cricket and boxing and put together a list of valid picks for each game that is then presented for betting across the sports arena. It is common for bettors across all sports to join a Sports Betting Agency because of its ability to offer quality sports picks and information. With the help of Sports Betting Agencies, a sports bettor can now turn his passion into a potentially rich source of income.